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   Phototransistors, Emitters

A photodiode is a semiconductor diode that functions as a photodetector. Photodiodes are packaged with either a window or optical fibre connection, in order to let in the light to the sensitive part of the device. They may also be used without a window to detect vacuum UV or X-rays.

A phototransistor is in essence nothing more than a bipolar transistor that is encased in a transparent case so that light can reach the base-collector junction. The phototransistor works like a photodiode, but with a much higher sensitivity for light, because the electrons that are generated by photons in the base-collector junction are injected into the base, and this current is then amplified by the transistor operation. However, a phototransistor has a slower response time than a photodiode.



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Books
Integrated Silicon Optoelectronics (Springer Series in Photonics)
Horst Zimmermann

Excerpt - page 35: "... PIN photodiode with a small-area common bipolar transistor. Nevertheless, a phototransistor is advantageous at low frequencies ... NPN transistor with a self-adjusting emitter was investigated as a phototransistor receiver for the wavelength A ..."
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123 Robotics Experiments for the Evil Genius (TAB Robotics)
Myke Predko

Excerpt - page 131: "... on the LED, which allows current to pass from the phototransistor's collector to the emitter, connecting the output signal to ground. In the reverse situation, ..."
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Micromechatronics: Modeling, Analysis, and Design with MATLAB
Victor Giurgiutiu and Sergey E. Lyshevski

Excerpt - page 784: "... allows a current to run from the collector to the emitter. Phototransistors perform in a similar way, but they respond to a ..."
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Building Robot Drive Trains (Robot DNA Series)
Dennis Clark and Michael Owings

Excerpt - page 348: "... are passive, however, consisting only of an LED and a phototransistor. Typically, these will be four-lead devices. One pair of leads is used to power the LED. The other pair is connected to the collector and emitter of the phototransistor . If you have no datasheet on ..."
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Gordon McComb's Gadgeteers Goldmine
Gordon McComb

Excerpt - page 235: "... joining two fibers, and connectors, for attaching the fiber to emitters and detectors. Depending on the manufacturer and model, the connectors are made to work with either the round- or flat-style phototransistors and emitters. If you're working with lasers, you can make ..."
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Lasers, Ray Guns and Light Cannons
Gordon McComb

Excerpt - page 212: "... joining two fibers, and connectors, for attaching the fiber to emitters and detectors. Depending on the manufacturer and model, the connectors are made to work with either the round- or flat-style phototransistors and emitters. ..."
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Beginner's Guide to Reading Schematics
Robert J. Traister and Anna L. Lisk

Excerpt - Index: "... hook, 118 IGFETs, 118, 119 MOSFETs, 43,119 N-channel, 118 NPN (multiple-emitter), 118 phototransistors, 118 trigistar (dynaquad), 118 UJTs, 43, 117 transmitters, AM circuits, ..."
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The Forrest Mims Circuit Scrapbook
Forrest Mims

Excerpt - page 95: "... toisolator The collector and emitter of the phototransistor in the optoisolator are connected directly across the "=- key ..."
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Programming Robot Controllers
Myke Predko

Excerpt - page 265: "... be used in a robot. The current passing through the collector/emitter of a phototransistor is proportional to the amount of light striking it. There ..."
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JunkBots, Bugbots, and Bots on Wheels: Building Simple Robots With BEAM Technology
David Hrynkiw and Mark Tilden

Excerpt - page 137: "... 9-3 Various light-sensitive sensors (from left to right: mouse IR phototransistor; IR emitter LED; US photoresistor; IR photodiode; and IR round-dome photodiode) Figure ..."
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Programming and Customizing the HC11 Microcontroller
Thomas Fox

Excerpt - page 150: "... out of life. Notice from the simple circuit that the phototransistor's emitter is connected directly to ground, while its collector is connected ..."
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Amphibionics : Build Your Own Biologically Inspired Reptilian Robot
Karl Williams

Excerpt - page 325: "... holes pass the light intermittently and the state of the phototransistor output changes from high to ... combination of an infrared LED emitter and a phototransistor, packaged ..."
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Serial Port Complete
Jan Axelson and Jan Axelson

Excerpt - page 153: "... barrier. An optoisolator consists of a photodiode coupled to a phototransistor. Current through the photodiode causes ... low resistance between the transistor's emitter and collector. The phototransistor's base may be left unconnected. Adding ..."
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Mechatronics: An Integrated Approach
Clarence W. De Silva

Excerpt - page 666: "... configuration (Figure 7.20(a)), the receiver is placed directly facing the emitter. In the reflective configuration, the ... as the emitter and a phototransistor may serve as the receiver. Infrared LEDs are preferred emitters ..."
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Analog Interfacing to Embedded Microprocessors: Real World Design (Embedded Technology Series)
Stuart Ball

Excerpt - page 65: "... path when the hood is closed. You then connect the phototransistor emitter to ground and pull the collector up with a resistor. ..."
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Practical Electronics for Inventors
Paul Scherz

Excerpt - page 207: "... Figure 5.20 shows a simple model of a two-lead bipolar phototransistor. The details of how this device works are given below. Photons FIGURE 5.20 Epoxy lens Collector Emitter The bipolar phototransistor resembles a bipolar transistor (with no base ..."
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Troubleshooting and Repairing Camcorders
Homer L. Davidson

Excerpt - page 178: "... opto part has a SS 5-V source to collector of phototransistor with the corresponding LED connected to pin 9 of W501 through a resistor to ground. The phototransistor emitter terminal of optoisolator pin 2 connects to pin 29 of ..."
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Towards the Visual Microprocessor: VLSI Design and the Use of Cellular Neural Network Universal Machines
Tamás Roska and Aacute;ngel Rodríguez-Vázquez

Excerpt - page 192: "... amplified by the gain of the transistor, resulting in an emitter current which is (1 + 3F) times the detected current. (a) Cross-section of the device structure; (b) energy band diagram; (c) electrical representation of the phototransistor emitter base collector ..."
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Digital Electronics: A Practical Approach: with EASY PC and PULSAR
Richard Monk

Excerpt - page 240: "... the above description, the detector will recognize objects that produce phototransistor emitter signals as shown in Figure 10.5(a). Unfortunately, narrow objects could ..."
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Modern Component Families and Circuit Block Design
Nihal Kularatna

Excerpt - page 245: "... (a) (b) FIGURE Effect of incident energy on the phototransistor: (a) emitter and base grounded, (b) base open is much higher than ..."
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Introduction to Electrophysiological Methods and Instrumentation
Franklin Bretschneider and Jan de Weille

Excerpt - page 40: "... photographic exposure meters, automatic cameras and so on. "Photodiodes" and "phototransistors" resemble normal diodes and transistors, ... the reverse direction, whereas the collector-emitter current in a phototransistor flows as if it were caused ..."
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MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor) Physics and Technology (Wiley Classics Library)
E. H. Nicollian and J. R. Brews

Excerpt - page 762: "... When a high positive bias is applied between collector and emitter with the base floating, a ... cross section of an n-p-n phototransistor showing emitter- base and collector-base fringing fields in the Si02 ..."
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Practical Electronics: A Self-Teaching Guide (Wiley Self-Teaching Guides)
Ralph Morrison

Excerpt - page 119: "... is used as a switch out triacs, SCRs, and phototransistors The Stacked Emitter Follower Most amplifiers or circuits with gain provide output voltage ..."
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Newnes Passive and Discrete Circuits Pocket Book, Second Edition (Newnes Pocket Books)
R M MARSTON

Excerpt - page 274: "... 13.32. An external output resistor, wired in series with the phototransistor, can be connected to either the collector (a) or emitter (b). The phototransistor is normally used with its base terminal ..."
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Principles of Applied Biomedical Instrumentation
L. A. Geddes and L. E. Baker

Excerpt - page 120: "... there are only three variables associated with operation of the phototransistor: collector-to-emitter voltage VIE, collector current 1c, and illumination intensity 0. The ..."
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Amorphous and Microcrystalline Semiconductor Devices, Volume II: Materials and Device Physics
Jerzy Kanicki

Excerpt - page 578: "... by replacing the top two amorphous silicon layers at the emitter side of the phototransistor with an n+ and an intrinsic a-SiC:H layer [53]. The ..."
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Optoelectronics: Introductory Theory & Experiments
Gary Cardinale

Excerpt - page 76: "... is connected to 5V Pin 2 is connected to the emitter of the phototransistor. ..."
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Infrared Technology: Applications to Electro-Optics, Photonic Devices and Sensors
A. R. Jha

Excerpt - page 411: "... The sensor head contains an IR-LED source matched with a phototransistor. If the collector and emitter of the phototransistor are reversed, the transit can be biased ..."
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Robotics and Automation Handbook
Thomas R. Kurfess

Excerpt - page 9: "... of several miles if a series of pulses from the emitter is used. The accuracy of ... as the emitter and a phototransistor or photocell is used as the receiver. Photoelectric sensors are ..."
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III-V Nitride Semiconductors: Applications and Devices (Optoelectronic Properties of Semiconductors and Superlattices)
Edward T. Yu

Excerpt - page 685: "... of the p-GaN barrer and increased electron injection from the emitter. The gain is determined by ... electrons from the emitter. The phototransistor has distinct I-V characteristics under illuminated or dark conditions, as ..."
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Aviation Maintenance Technician Series: Powerplant (Aviation Maintenance Technician S.)
Dale Crane

Excerpt - page 294: "... is proportional to the amount of light reaching the junction. Phototransistor A phototransistor is similar to ... light to shine on the emitter-base junction . When light strikes this junction, electrons are released ..."
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Intersubband Infrared Photodetectors (Selected Topics in Electronics and Systems -- Vol. 27)
V. Ryzhii

Excerpt - page 283: "... QDs plays the role of the QDIP active element (the phototransistor base). Heavily doped p+-Si regions serve as the emitter and collector of the phototransistor . An example of practical ..."
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Stochastic Resonance: Theory and Applications
Bruno Andň and S. Graziani

Excerpt - page 143: "... the wave received [14]. IR optical sensors generally comprise an emitter and a photo-detector (photodiode or phototransistor). By forcing the emitter with a periodical signal or a ..."
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Optoelectronics Circuits Manual (Marston's Circuit Manual Series)
R M MARSTON

Excerpt - page 124: "... phototransistor, can be connected to either the collector (a) or emitter (b) The phototransistor's operating current can be converted into a voltage by wiring ..."
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Neural Systems for Robotics
Patrick Van Der Smagt, Omid M. Omidvar, and Patrick Van Der Smagt

Excerpt - page 217: "... movement (URo, UR1) when touched. The photoreceptors are realized by phototransistors. The collector- emitter current is measured and low-pass filtered. The signals are prepro- ..."
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Detecting the World: Capturing Physical Measurements With C++
David McCombs

Excerpt - page 47: "... Receiver The infrared receiver can be made with an NPN phototransistor configured in an emitter-follower circuit. The IR Phototransistor used: TIL414 IR Phototransistor Characteristics: (Radio ..."
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