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   Relays, Stepping

A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under control of another electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts. It was invented by Joseph Henry in 1835. Because a relay is able to control an output circuit of higher power than the input circuit, it can be considered, in a broad sense, to be a form of electrical amplifier.

These contacts can be either Normally Open (NO), Normally Closed (NC), or change-over contacts.

  • Normally-open contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is disconnected when the relay is inactive. It is also called Form A contact or "make" contact. Form A contact is ideal for applications that require to switch a high-current power source from a remote device.
  • Normally-closed contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. It is also called Form B contact or "break" contact. Form B contact is ideal for applications that require the circuit to remain closed until the relay is activated.
  • Change-over contacts control two circuits: one normally-open contact and one normally-closed contact with a common terminal. It is also called Form C contact.


Bronze Partners
Altech Corp.
Cougar Electronics Corp.
DARE Electronics, Inc.
Electroswitch
Finder Relays Inc.
Greenwich Electronics
Hella Incorporated
Magnecraft
Marsh Bellofram
Master Electronic Controls (MEC)
Omron Electronics LLC
Relay Service Company
Saia-Burgess Inc.
TURCK Inc.
Ventronics, Inc.
Fixed and programmable amplifiers - Frequency Devices

 

Books
Stepping Out: Using Games and Activities to Help Your Child with Special Needs
Sarah Newman and Jeanie Mellersh

Excerpt - page 132: "... 132 STEPPING OUT ve family relay races. Play What's the Time Mr Wolf? in which one ..."
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Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge (Vintage)
Edward O. Wilson and Edward Osborne Wilson

Excerpt - page 120: "... of the forebrain at least, they are arranged in parallel relays stepping from one neuron level to the next, integrating more and ..."
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Voice & Data Communications Handbook (Standards & Protocols)
Regis J. Bates and Donald W. Gregory

Excerpt - page 745: "... frame is not available. T/F 7. Frame relay is a stepping stone toward the B-ISDN and ATM architec- tures. T/F 8. ..."
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Darknet: Hollywood's War Against the Digital Generation
J. D. Lasica

Excerpt - page 225: "... Voice of America occasionally sets up servers that act as relays or stepping-stones to the World Wide Web. But in ..."
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Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP Exam
CISSP, Susan Hansche, CISSP, John Berti, and CISSP, Chris Hare

Excerpt - page 386: "... headed by William Frederick Friedman. The Purple machine used telephone stepping relays instead of rotors and thus had a totally different permutation ..."
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Discordant Harmonies: A New Ecology for the Twenty-first Century
Daniel B. Botkin

Excerpt - page 118: "... had been jury-rigged at the laboratory from big surplus telephone-system relays and stepping switches that made loud clicking noises. Standing in front of ..."
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The Chip : How Two Americans Invented the Microchip and Launched a Revolution
T.R. Reid

Excerpt - page 137: "... is possible to perform complex mathematical operations by means of relay circuits. Numbers may be represented by the positions of relays and stepping switches, and interconnections ..."
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The Art of Electronics
Paul Horowitz and Winfield Hill

Excerpt - page 55: "... coil current flows. Many varieties are available, including "latching" and "stepping" relays; the latter provided the cornerstone for tele- phone switching stations, ..."
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The Dream Machine: J.C.R. Licklider and the Revolution That Made Computing Personal
M. Mitchell Waldrop

Excerpt - page 33: "... 1 and 0, in which case the operation of the relays could be associated with what ... the positions of relays and stepping switches, and interconnections between sets of relays can be made ..."
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Instrumentation for Process Measurement and Control, Third Editon
Norman A. Anderson

Excerpt - page 406: "... logic control system. It replaces mechanical logic equipment, such as relays, stepping switches, and drum programmers. It is designed and packaged for ..."
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Newnes Electrical Power Engineer's Handbook, Second Edition
D F Warne

Excerpt - page 33: "... this can be more important than efficiency. Other applications include relays and magnetic clutches. Silicon steels are also produced in the form of bars, rods or wires for relays, stepping motors and gyroscope housings. The tensile strength of the silicon ..."
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Occult Ether Physics: Tesla's Hidden Space Propulsion System and the Conspiracy to Conceal It (2nd Revised Edition)
William Lyne

Excerpt - page 56: "... instantaneous control of a ship by means of high voltage stepping switches or relays. Since an on-board power generator is usually required anyway, the ..."
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Boatowner's Illustrated Handbook of Wiring
Charlie Wing

Excerpt - page 282: "... the high-current (several-hundred amps) switch to the starter motor. Electronic relays are rated by: 1. Input ... multiple poles. Except for now-outdated stepping relays, however, they are always either single- or double-throw. Over-current ..."
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A Nation Transformed by Information: How Information Has Shaped the United States from Colonial Times to the Present
Alfred D. Chandler and James W. Cortada

Excerpt - page 188: "... patent on the telegraph Joseph Henry conducts research on electromagnetic relays, stepping up voltages Alexander G. Bell makes first telephone call Vacuum ..."
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The Civil War: A Narrative: Volume 2: Fredericksburg to Meridian (Vintage Civil War Library)
Shelby Foote

Excerpt - page 53: "... a close, Taylor went far toward solving it. By using relays of fast-stepping mules and an ambulance in which he could sleep while ..."
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Sub 4:00: Alan Webb and the Quest for the Fastest Mile
Chris Lear

Excerpt - page 105: "... has a long, loping stride. He has a reputation for stepping it up on relays, and Warhurst and LaPlante figure if he catches fire, he ..."
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Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Code-breaking Computers (Popular Science)
Jack Copeland

Excerpt - page 300: "... The machines, operated by ATS typists, used standard Post Office relays and rotary stepping switches. Output was to a teleprinter. These machines, possibly for ..."
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Controlling The World with Your PC
Paul Bergsman

Excerpt - page 91: "... ULN2803 contains built in back-EMF protection for inductive loads like relays and stepping motors. Resistor R helps reduce backEMF and permits higher operating ..."
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Strength & Power for Young Athletes
Avery Faigenbaum and Wayne L. Westcott

Excerpt - page 140: "... segments that feature a variety of physical activities. These include relays, box stepping, rope skipping, active games, agility drills, static and dynamic stretching ..."
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Claude E. Shannon: Collected Papers
Claude Elwood Shannon, A. D. Wyner, and Neil J. A. Sloane

Excerpt - page 492: "... relay circuits. Numbers may be represented by the positions of relays or stepping switches, and interconnections between sets of relays can be made ..."
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Wireless Security: Models, Threats, and Solutions
Randall K. Nichols and Panos C. Lekkas

Excerpt - page 259: "... (AK). The AK subsystem consisted of a large number of stepping switches, relays, and other devices. It started the key derivation process with ..."
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Michelangelo's Mountain: The Quest For Perfection in the Marble Quarries of Carrara
Eric Scigliano

Excerpt - page 220: "... dashing ahead to lay them under the skidding twenty-ton blocks-a fast-stepping combination of relay race, game of chicken, and obstacle course.39 For this they ..."
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Intruder Alarms, Second Edition
Gerard Honey

Excerpt - page 171: "... the main contacts of the device using additional power supplies. Relays can be placed into two ... subclassifications: tching relays; tchet/stepping relays. ..."
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Foundations of Computer Technology
Alexander John Anderson

Excerpt - page 140: "... as switches, keyboards, VDUs, light emitting diodes and alphanumeric displays, relays, stepping motors, magnetic tape cassettes and cartridges, floppy disk memory systems ..."
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Fundamentals of Telecommunications
Roger L. Freeman

Excerpt - page 76: "... until 1911. The step-by-step switch is conveniently based on a stepping relay of 10 levels. In its simplest form, which uses direct ..."
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Electronic Components: Selection and Application Guidelines
Victor Meeldijk

Excerpt - page 198: "... remote control operations (such as controlling lights or motors). 8.1.1.5 Stepping Relays A stepping relay is similar to a rotary switch where ..."
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Newnes Electrical Engineer's Handbook
D F Warne

Excerpt - page 33: "... this can be more important than efficiency. Other applications include relays and magnetic clutches. Silicon steels are also produced in the form of bars, rods or wires for relays, stepping motors and gyroscope housings. The tensile strength of the silicon ..."
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PC Interfacing and Data Acquisition: Techniques for Measurement, Instrumentation and Control.
Kevin James

Excerpt - page 263: "... is to be used for interfacing to devices such as relays, stepping motors or data-logging equipment. However, if it is necessary to ..."
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The Beleaguered City: The Vicksburg Campaign, December 1862-July 1863 (Modern Library)
Shelby Foote

Excerpt - page 299: "... share of the convergence Taylor had designed. Moving crosscountry with relays of quick-stepping mules hitched to his ambulance, that general had joined Mouton ..."
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From Fish to Colossus: How the German Lorenz Cipher was Broken at Bletchley Park
Harvey G. Cragon

Excerpt - page 109: "... engineers and by training and experience were inclined to use stepping switches and relays in their designs.* A The use of stepping switches is ..."
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Industrial Electronics
Patrick/Fardo

Excerpt - page 396: "... on to perform. A sequencer responds the same as a stepping relay that actuates a load device in each of its stepping ..."
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Dictionary of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Excerpt - page 274: "... by aircraft for homing purposes ('horn Ip diets I homing relay IELECI A stepping relay that returns to a specified starting position before each ..."
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Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation
David F. Noble

Excerpt - page 92: "... of the first versatile automated machine tools; using a special stepping switch and relays (as well as feedback sensors to signal automatic stops), the ..."
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Electrical Fire Analysis
Robert A. Yereance

Excerpt - page 85: "... find a definition for a relay that includes all possible relays and excludes all other devices. ... strip moves the contacts. Some stepping relays, that move through a series of contact arrangements, are ..."
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Single and Multi-Chip Microcontroller Interfacing: For the Motorola 6812 (Academic Press Series in Engineering)
G. Jack Lipovski

Excerpt - page 375: "... mechanism that could be operated by the caller, using a stepping relay mechanism that would connect the caller to the desired telephone, ..."
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Telecommunication System Engineering (Wiley Series in Telecommunications and Signal Processing)
Roger L. Freeman

Excerpt - page 108: "... broken down into gross-motion switches and fine-motion switches. All are relay (or equivalent) operated. In the ... by ratchets such as a stepping relay. Conveniently, the relays (S x S) are in steps ..."
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Electronic Filters, Amplifiers & Oscillators - Frequency Devices
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