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   Relays, Signal

A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under control of another electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts. It was invented by Joseph Henry in 1835. Because a relay is able to control an output circuit of higher power than the input circuit, it can be considered, in a broad sense, to be a form of electrical amplifier.

These contacts can be either Normally Open (NO), Normally Closed (NC), or change-over contacts.

  • Normally-open contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is disconnected when the relay is inactive. It is also called Form A contact or "make" contact. Form A contact is ideal for applications that require to switch a high-current power source from a remote device.
  • Normally-closed contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. It is also called Form B contact or "break" contact. Form B contact is ideal for applications that require the circuit to remain closed until the relay is activated.
  • Change-over contacts control two circuits: one normally-open contact and one normally-closed contact with a common terminal. It is also called Form C contact.


Bronze Partners
Absolute Process Instruments, Inc.
Aleph International Corp.
American Relays, Inc.
Amperite Co.
CIT Relay and Switch
Coto Technology
CyberResearch, Inc.
Fujitsu Components America, Inc.
GIGAVAC
Greenwich Electronics
Hamlin
Hasco Components International Company
Hoyt Electrical Inst. Works, Inc.
IDEC Corp.
Magnecraft
Matrix Systems Corp.
MEDER electronic Inc.
Omron Electronics LLC
Picker Components
Schrack Components, Inc.
SRC Devices
Stetron International, Inc.
Sumida America
Tyco Electronics Corp.
Weidmuller Inc.
Fixed and programmable amplifiers - Frequency Devices

 

Books
An Introduction to Mixed-Signal IC Test and Measurement (The Oxford Series in Electrical and Computer Engineering)
Mark Burns and Gordon W. Roberts

Excerpt - page 46: "... be defective, resulting in open circuits or shorts between electrical signals. For example, the wiper of a relay can become stuck in either the open or closed position ..."
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Signal Transduction
Bastien D. Gomperts, Ijsbrand M. Kramer, and Peter E.R. Tatham

Excerpt - page 72: "... effector: (a) The early view. (b) A transducing GTP-binding protein relays the signal. Adapted from Rodbell.' an activating hormone and the substrate ATP ..."
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Radio Signal Finding (Tab Electronics)
Jim Sinclair

Excerpt - page 35: "... and cause that information to be intermodulated onto the AM signal in a very objectionable form. ... as control signals for a relay transmitter or other remotely sited installation. The relative level between ..."
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A Signal Shattered
Eric S. Nylund

Excerpt - page 230: "... want to speak to each other faster than we can relay their signals," Reno said. "Impatient little suckers." Jack struggled to sit. "If ..."
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American Railway Signaling Principles and Practices, Chapter VI, Direct Current Relays
A.R.A. Signal Section

Radio System Design for Telecommunications (Wiley Series in Telecommunications and Signal Processing)
Roger L. Freeman

Excerpt - page 40: "... some other, equally important, reasons. For analog systems, each additional relay inserts noise into the system. ... site adds jitter to the signal and deteriorates error performance. Drop and insert points, such as ..."
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Softball Strategies, Coverages, Signals & Charts
Cindy Bristow

Excerpt - page 40: "... an advantage. (A runner at second base can see the signals and relay them to hitter). ytime the runner gets a good ..."
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Electric Relays (Electrical and Computer Engineering)
Vladimir Gurevich

Excerpt - page 21: "... are often omitted on diagrams illustrat- ing the principle of relay operation (Figure 2.1). I am ... becomes clear that an input signal at the relay input and the output signal at the ..."
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Elements of Information Theory (Wiley Series in Telecommunications and Signal Processing)
Thomas M. Cover and Joy A. Thomas

Excerpt - page 573: "... xi). (15.249) Thus, Y is a random degradation of the relay signal Y1. For the physically degraded relay channel, the capacity is ..."
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Signal Transduction in Plants - Current Advances
S.K. Sopory, Ralf Oelmüller, and S.C. Maheswari

Excerpt - page 46: "... been recently shown that cytosolic Ca2+ can act as a relay in the light signal transduction pathway of C4 PEPC (Giglioli- Guivarc'h et al 1996). ..."
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Cerebral Signal Transduction: From First to Fourth Messengers (Contemporary Neuroscience)
Maarten E. A. Reith

Excerpt - page 43: "... dentate gyros via the perforant pathway. The mossy fiber pathway relays the signal from the dentate gyrus to area CA3. The Schaffer collateral ..."
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Platelet Activating Factor Receptor: Signal Mechanisms and Molecular Biology
Shivendra D. Shukla

Excerpt - page 131: "... for the entire time course of induction or if it relays a signal in the early stage that is responsible for the c-fos ..."
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Data Mining in Structural Biology: Signal Transduction and Beyond (Ernst Schering Research Foundation Workshop)
I. Schlichting and U. Egner

Excerpt - page 13: "... enhance platelet -derived growth factor (PDGF)-dependent responses by altering the signal relay enzymes that are recruited to the PDGF (3 receptor. J ..."
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Histidine Kinases in Signal Transduction
Masayori Inouye and Rinku Dutta

Excerpt - page 22: "... studies on histidine kinases have advanced the field of phospho- relay signal transduction into a "new millennium." We now know the structure ..."
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Underwater Acoustic Digital Signal Processing and Communication Systems
Robert Istepanian and Milica Stojanovic

Excerpt - page 95: "... it frequency- modulated carrier of 32.8 kHz was used to relay the electrocardiogram and respiration signals in the open ocean. On the receiver side, a manually ..."
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Relay Feedback
Quing-Guo Wang, Tong H. Lee, and Lin Chong

Excerpt - page 94: "... also addressed. Fig. 5.3. Negative inverse describing function of hysteretic relay Fourier Series Method The oscillation waveform of the relay input signal e(t) under a RFS is usually not precisely sinusoidal as ..."
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Signal Processing Handbook (Electrical and Computer Engineering)
C.H. Chen

Excerpt - page 31: "... or adaptations are required for high frequencies. For very low-level signals, reed relays are recommended. They effectively provide an open circuit when off, ..."
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Toxins and Signal Transduction (Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Toxin Action)
Yehuda Gutman, Philip Lazarovici, Yehuda Gutman, and Philip Lazarovici

Excerpt - page 85: "... DRG, dorsal root ganglion; PC12, pheochromocytoma cells; MAP, erk, extracellular signal relay kinases ..."
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Signal Transduction in Health and Disease (Advances in Second Messenger and Phosphoprotein Research, Volume 31) (Advances in Second Messenger and Phosphoprotein Research Series)
Paul Greengard, Angus C. Nairn, Shirish Shenolikar, and Jackie D. Corbin

Excerpt - page 86: "... CHEMOTAXIS GBF ~CAR kinase ?__ n I~ 11 I Ca>SIGNAL RELAY 10 VVVV GPr G2 CRAC ACA aimless less pianissimo CAMP ..."
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Bifurcations and Chaos in Piecewise-Smooth Dynamical Systems: Applications to Power Converters, Relay and Pulse-Width Modulated Control Systems, and Human ... Series on Nonlinear Science, Series a)
Zhanybai T. Zhusubaliyev and Erik Mosekilde

Excerpt - page 118: "... ~ = ~(X) and K1F1(~) are the input, and output, signals to the relay eletuent. respectively. ..."
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Cell and Molecular Response to Stress : Protein Adaptations and Signal Transduction (North-Holland Mathematical Library,)
K.B. Storey and J.M. Storey

Excerpt - page 101: "... focal adhesions, small GTPases (e.g. Rho, Ras, Rac) function as relays in the transduction of signals originating from membrane receptors, among them integrins. They regulate focal ..."
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Microwave Radio Links: From Theory to Design (Wiley Series in Telecommunications and Signal Processing)
Carlos Salema

Excerpt - page 10: "... simplest and most economic of all forms, but the transmitted signal is not available at the relay stations. For analog systems it has the advantage of not ..."
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Telecommunication System Engineering (Wiley Series in Telecommunications and Signal Processing)
Roger L. Freeman

Excerpt - page 176: "... closing loop to called office (exchange) and causing the A relay to operate. eration of the A relay signals off-hook (connect) indication to the called switch (exchange). on ..."
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A Test of the durability of signal-relay contacts (University of Illinois) (University of Illinois)
Everett Edgar King

Signal Transduction and the Gasotransmitters: No, Co, and H2s in Biology and Medicine
Bruce McManus and Rui Wang

Excerpt - page 11: "... triggering event. The ligand-receptor interaction generates intracellular second messengers that relay and direct the extracellular signals to different intracellular destinations, resulting in modulated cellular activity. A ..."
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Cochlear Implants: Fundamentals and Applications (Modern Acoustics and Signal Processing)
Graeme Clark

Excerpt - page 84: "... in particular the complex sounds can be categorized as speech signals. There are seven main relay stations in the central auditory pathways for pro- cessing the ..."
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Neuroprotective Signal Transduction (Contemporary Neuroscience)
Mark P. Mattson

Excerpt - page 62: "... GDNF, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) relay the presence or absence of trophic factors to the signal transduction cascades in control of survival. 2.1. Signaling of Neuronal ..."
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Voice over Frame Relay
William A. Flanagan

Excerpt - page 62: "... disturbing echo occurs when a speakers hears his own voice signal after it bounces back from ... the echo problem: the frame relay network has no signal loss that would reduce echo loudness. ..."
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Enterprise Networking: Fractional T1 to SONET, Frame Relay to BISDN
Daniel Minoli

Excerpt - page 91: "... the Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model, including, in particular, frame relay frames. ..."
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Architectural Acoustics: Blending Sound Sources, Sound Fields, and Listeners (Modern Acoustics and Signal Processing)
Yoichi Ando

Excerpt - page 56: "... nuclei, the inferior colliculus, and the medial geniculate body. Neural signals are processed at every relay station. Since several interaural cross connections are known to exist ..."
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Why a Soldier?: A Signal Corpsman's Tour from Vietnam to the Moscow Hot Line
David Fitz-Enz

Excerpt - page 95: "... meet the aircraft and take the commander to see the relay site on top of the signal hill. Those lonely radio installations were always located on the ..."
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Electrical Cables for Power and Signal Transmission
Oswald I. Gilbertson

Excerpt - page 11: "... similar electronic equipment TC93 Design automation TC94 All or nothing relays TC95 Measuring relays and protection equipment TC96 Road traffic signal systems The overall quality assurance program of a firm is ..."
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Signal to Noise
Eric S. Nylund

Excerpt - page 333: "... a lotus-folded container was a portable bubble. Jack unwrapped a relay node, a half-sphere the size of a grapefruit; its edges undulated, trying to capture signals that weren't there. He linked the bubble relay to the ..."
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Satellite Communication Engineering (Signal Processing and Communication, 16)
Michael O. Kolawole

Excerpt - Back Matter: "... transmission signalling network capacity for the transfer of connection control signals between components of an interexchange network. Communication An electronic relay station orbiting in space that picks satellite up messages transmitted ..."
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The Science and Applications of Acoustics (Aip Series in Modern Acoustics and Signal Processing.)
Daniel R. Raichel

Excerpt - page 202: "... A specially equipped personal computer can perform DSP-based (digi- tal signal processing) signal generation, filtering, and ... a spectrum analyzer, which then relays the data to a display or a recorder. The dedicated ..."
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Signals, Switches, Regulons, and Cascades: Control of Bacterial Gene Expression (Society for General Microbiology Symposia)
David A. Hodgson and C. M. Thomas

Excerpt - page 210: "... block sporulation by acquisition of secondary mutations in sporulation phospho- relay genes (Spiegelman et al., 1990). The sporulation phosphorelay illustrates how signal transduction systems that regulate whole-cell events are subject to complex ..."
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