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   Converters, Frequency

Frequency converter refers to a class of electrical machinery that was used to convert one frequency (Hertz) of electrical power into another frequency. A typical use is for running non-US machinery which requires 50 Hz power where utility power was supplied as 60 Hz current.

The standard power in the U.S. is usually 60 Hz, but in much of Europe, and other parts of the world, the standard is 50 Hz, thus factories which want to manufacture products in the U.S. for export to a country which has the standard of 50 Hz will need a frequency converter that converts 60 Hz power to 50 Hz power. This is also true for factories in countries which have a standard of 50 Hz manufacturing products which need to be tested for use in the U.S. at 60 Hz.

Another application is in the Aerospace and Airline industries. Often Airplanes use 400 Hz power so 50 Hz or 60 Hz to 400 Hz Frequency converter is needed for use in the ground power unit used to power the airplane while it is on the ground.

The most common use for a frequency converter is to control the speed of three phase induction motors. The speed of an induction motor is given by the formula

Ns = 120F / p

where

Ns = Synchronous speed, in revolutions per minute F = AC power frequency p = Number of poles per phase winding

The frequency of the AC power can be adjusted with a frequency converter and the speed of the induction motor will change accordingly to the formula above.



Bronze Partners
Advanced Power & Controls, LLC
Alcatel Converters
Applied Power Systems Inc
Avcom-Ramsey Technologies, Inc.
Avionic Instruments
Behlman Electronics, Inc.
BF Bogue Systems
Brimrose Corp of America
Compact Power Company
EM Research Inc.
Falcon Electric Inc.
Georator Corp.
Gruber Industries Incorporated
Industrial Test Equipment Company
Intronics, Inc.
KGS Electronics, Inc.
MajorPower.Com
Pacific Power Source, Inc
Piller Inc.
Power Electronic Systems Inc.
Power Paragon
Power Systems Group
Powertron Corp.
Precision Filters, Inc.
Rsm Sensitron Semiconductor
Satcon Power Systems
Schaefer, Inc.
SEC America, LLC
TDI-Transistor Devices, Inc.
Unitron
Fix & Prog. Sinewave Oscillators - Frequency Devices

 

Books
Simplified Design of Voltage/Frequency Converters (EDN Series for Design Engineers)
John Lenk

Excerpt - page 1: "... CHAPTER Voltage-Frequency Converter Basics This chapter is devoted to basic voltage-frequency converters, both voltage-tofrequency and frequency-to-voltage. It is primarily for readers ..."
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Converter and Filter Circuits (Newnes Circuits Series)
Rudolf Graf

Excerpt - page 105: "... circuit correlates to the source entry in the Sources section. Frequency-to-Voltage Converters Frequency-to-Voltage Converter with TTL Input do to 10-kHz Frequency-to-Voltage Converter ..."
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ORIGINAL PRINTED PATENT APPLICATION NUMBER 5,479 FOR IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CURRENT COMMUTATION OF COMMUTATOR FREQUENCY CONVERTERS. [1910]
Siemens Brothers Dynamo Works Limited [inventors].

Power Electronics: Converters, Applications, and Design
Ned Mohan, Tore M. Undeland, and William P. Robbins

Excerpt - page 11: "... Switching (forced- commutated) converters, where the controllable switches in the converter are turned on and off at frequencies that are high compared to the line frequency. In spite ..."
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CMOS Integrated Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Converters (The International Series in Engineering and Computer Science)
Rudy J. van de Plassche

Excerpt - page 38: "... the amplitude reduction is obtained by increas- ing the sampling frequency of the converter. With the same input frequency fi,,, the ratio fn decreases, ..."
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Analog Circuit Design: Scalable Analog Circuit Design, High-Speed D/A Converters, RF Power Amplifiers
Johan H. Huijsing, Michiel Steyaert, and Arthur H.M. van Roermund

Excerpt - page 84: "... of the second stage to 4bit resolution and the sampling frequency to 4MHz. The effort reduced ... 0.18or the ADSL- COT converter. Due to the very fast technology we could again change ..."
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RFID & the label converter.(radio frequency identification): An article from: Label & Narrow Web
Leah Genuario

Design of Multi-Bit Delta-Sigma A/D Converters (THE KLUWER INTERNATIONAL SERIES IN ENGINEERING AND (The International Series in Engineering and Computer Science)
Yves Geerts, Michiel Steyaert, and Willy Sansen

Excerpt - page 8: "... Converters This section gradually introduces the principles of a AE converter. Starting from Nyquist- rate analog-to-digital ... an increase of the sampling frequency of the converter. This trade-off between accuracy and speed is ..."
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Power Converter Circuits (Electrical and Computer Engineering)
William Shepherd and Li Zhang

Excerpt - page 364: "... frequency changer that converts an ac supply of fixed input frequency to an ac output of adjustable but lower frequency. The converter consists of an array of back-to-back or inverse-parallel connected switches, ..."
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Radio-Frequency Electronics: Circuits and Applications
Jon B. Hagen

Excerpt - page 2: "... FREQUENCY CONVERTERS A common operation in RF electronics is frequency translation, meaning ..."
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Pulse Width Modulation for Power Converters: Principles and Practice (IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering)
D. Grahame Holmes and Thomas A. Lipo

Excerpt - page 67: "... as Figure 2.4 is one of the simplest power electronic converter topologies and is used to create a variable magnitude, variable frequency AC voltage output from a fixed magnitude DC supply voltage. ..."
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Power Electronics Converter Harmonics: Multipulse Methods for Clean Power
Derek A. Paice

Excerpt - page 24: "... could be by appropriate dc offset injection, using a small high-frequency converter, or by phase control when the converters use thyristors. In ..."
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Power Electronics and Variable Frequency Drives: Technology and Applications
Bimal K. Bose

Excerpt - page 100: "... (C3), and AC-to-AC converters (C4). 3.3.4. Converter Structures for Variable Frequency Drives Variation of stator frequency ... lowering of the frequency, the converter has to adapt output voltage amplitude applied to the AC ..."
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Power-Switching Converters
Dorin O. Neacsu

Excerpt - page 14: "... connecting lines. The radio or EMI interference produced by power converters depends on a number of factors: itching frequency of the converter ope of current and voltage at ..."
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Electrician's Technical Reference: Variable Frequency Drives
Robert Carrow

Excerpt - page 99: "... The same procedures should be followed for any of the converter-bridge diodes. ..."
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CMOS Telecom Data Converters
Angel Rodríguez-Vázquez, Fernando Medeiro, and Edmond Janssens

Excerpt - page 15: "... rate ones, is not obvious. We can categorize as Nyquist-rate converter. an ADC capable to operate under Nyquist condition, namely with a sampling close to half of the maximum input frequency. All the converters listed in Fig. 1.11, apart from the ..."
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Static and Dynamic Performance Limitations for High Speed D/A Converters (The International Series in Engineering and Computer Science)
Anne van den Bosch, Michiel Steyaert, and Willy M.C. Sansen

Excerpt - page 18: "... dependent on the applied code, it will affect the D/A converter's frequency domain behaviour. 2.4.3.4 The Glitch Energy The glitch impulse gives ..."
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Advanced DC/DC Converters
Fang Lin Luo and Hong Ye

Excerpt - page 35: "... four types of soft-switching methods: 1. Resonant-switch converters 2. Load-resonant converters 3. Resonant-dc-link converters 4. High-frequency-link integral-half-cycle converters Until now attention has been paid only to ..."
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Power Supplies Switching Regulators, Inverters, and Converters
Irving Gottlieb

Excerpt - page 22: "... relates very closely to our definition of an inverter or converter. For example, it can readily ... It is, in essence, a frequency converter. Frequency conversion, especially when switching is involved, is closely ..."
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High Speed A/D Converters - Understanding Data Converters Through SPICE (The Kluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science, Volume 601) ... Series in Engineering and Computer Science)
Alfi Moscovici

Excerpt - page 12: "... phenomenon is shown in figure 1 - 7. Figure 1-7. Frequencies above Fs/2 are aliased due to the sampling process Given the sampling frequency of the converter (Fs) and the analog input frequency (f;,,) the aliased frequency ..."
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Automated Calibration of Modulated Frequency Synthesizers (The International Series in Engineering and Computer Science)
Dan McMahill

Excerpt - page 13: "... frequency of the modulator is at the desired RF carrier frequency and no final frequency conversion is required. The reason for omitting superheterodyne architectures is that the power consumption of the frequency converter is moderate or even large compared to that of the ..."
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Bifurcations and Chaos in Piecewise-Smooth Dynamical Systems: Applications to Power Converters, Relay and Pulse-Width Modulated Control Systems, and Human ... Series on Nonlinear Science, Series a)
Zhanybai T. Zhusubaliyev and Erik Mosekilde

Excerpt - page 147: "... of the ripple on the armature current while the oscillation frequency increases infinitely with Ttt -+ 0. The minimum value of To is limited by the maximum allowable working frequency of the power converter because the switching losses rise with increasing frequency. Figure 3.10 ..."
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Power-switching Converters (Electrical and Computer Engineering)
Simon S. Ang

Excerpt - page 26: "... 125 (10000)20.00125(0.02) This example illustrates that increasing the switching frequency by an order of magnitude ... switching frequency of the buck converter, assuming that increased switching losses do not degrade its performance, ..."
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Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Diode Frequency Multipliers (Artech House Microwave Library)
Marek T. Faber, Jerzy Chramiec, and Miroslaw E. Adamski

Excerpt - page 4: "... are very well suited for the analysis of microwave diode frequency converters and which are employed both in specialized CAD programs (e.g., ..."
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Complex Behavior of Switching Power Converters
Chi Kong Tse

Excerpt - page 48: "... with the Z-axis modulation set to sample at the switching frequency of the converter under study. The resulting display contains bright dots along with ..."
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Methods for Monitoring and Diagnosing the Efficiency of Catalytic Converters (Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis)
M. Sideris

Excerpt - page 67: "... the control system operates in a limit cycle mode, and frequencies of the limit cycles are changed by changing parameters of a system controller. Parameters of the catalytic converter are defined based on such limit cycle frequencies These parameters ..."
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Frequency Measurement and Control: Advanced Techniques and Future Trends (Topics in Applied Physics)
Andre N. Luiten

Excerpt - page 15: "... frequency of amplification is equal to the difference of input frequency, fo, and the auxiliary oscillator ... become cancelled in the frequency up-converter. This leaves the front-end down-converter and VHF amplifier as the ..."
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Resonant Power Converters
Marian K. Kazimierczuk and Dariusz Czarkowski

Excerpt - page 69: "... and D. Y. Chen, "A MOSFET resonant synchronous rectifier for high-frequency dc/de converter," IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference Record, 1990, pp. 769-779. 18. ..."
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High Frequency and Microwave Circuit Design
Charles Nelson

Excerpt - page 67: "... effect; sometimes the circuit is called a "mixer," sometimes a "frequency converter," perhaps even, if one prefers Greek-rooted words, a "heterodyne circuit." ..."
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Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design (Artech House Microwave Library)
John Rogers and Calvin Plett

Excerpt - page 5: "... of the radio there may be many different channels or frequency bands. The LO frequency is ... the use of an analog-to-digital converter. ..."
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Noise in High-Frequency Circuits and Oscillators
Burkhard Schiek, Heinz-Jürgen Siweris, and Ilona Rolfes

Excerpt - page 46: "... used for the calculation of the noise behavior of a frequency converter. A passive thermally noisy two-port at a homogeneous temperature is ..."
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High Speed Analog-to-Digital Converters; PLLs and Synthesizers
Rudy J. van de Plassche, Johan H. Huijsing, and Willy M.C. Sansen

Excerpt - page 170: "... for circuits, which contain large capacitors e.g. charge redistribution type converters, low frequency filters and high accuracy sampled data systems. It is shown ..."
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Design of Modulators for Oversampled Converters (The International Series in Engineering and Computer Science)
Feng Wang and Ramesh Harjani

Excerpt - page 9: "... mentation of digital post processing is quite simple for incremental converters which leads to a savings ... converters are suitable for low frequency, high accuracy applications such as found in instrumentation. 1.2 NONIDEALITIES ..."
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Modular Low-Power, High-Speed CMOS Analog-To-Digital Converter for Embedded Systems (Kluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science,) ... Series in Engineering and Computer Science)
Keh-La Lin, Armin Kemna, and Bedrich J. Hosticka

Excerpt - page 23: "... the differential nonlinearity of the transfer function of the A/D converter itself. Hence, the SFDR considers ... are A/D converters with sampling frequencies I ,F exceeding I Mliz. The high-speed A/D converter ..."
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Materials Aspects in Automotive Catalytic Converters
Hans Bode

Excerpt - page 139: "... the beginning of the analyses of a given engine, the frequency spectrum initiated in the catalytic converter (support) and the energy required to produce excitation of the ..."
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Automatic Control of Converter-Fed Drives (Studies in Electrical and Electronic Engineering)
Bas van der Hoek

Excerpt - page 146: "... - and ao = + is equal to it. A converter ..."
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Electronic Filters, Amplifiers & Oscillators - Frequency Devices
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